Tuesday, June 30, 2009

[跨文化溝通] introduction day 跟德國佬吵架

在學校的 introduction day 當天閒談之餘,伊朗人說他住在伊朗靠土耳其的地方,我根據長久以來旅行各地的經驗馬上問他是不是 Turkish-speaking Iranian(說土耳其語的伊朗人),他說是。但德國人 Ulf 這時候就驚訝地說,他從來沒聽過一個國家裡會有說其他語言的人。此時我覺得有必要澄清這一點,可是卻不客氣地太歲爺上動土用德國當例子說,德國內應該也有不說德語的人。結果他反應也很直接,斬釘截鐵地說沒有,說德國境內大家都說德語。我不死心繼續要證明我的推斷沒有錯,所以繼續解釋德國境內靠近邊境的地方有人是說鄰國的語言,比如說德國靠近丹麥的地方有一些 minority(少數民族) 是說丹麥語的,他也很直接地否認,他從來沒聽過別人講丹麥語,如果有的話也會是非常少,我就覺得這個德國人怎麼連少數民族說其他語言都不知道,馬上下結論說「所以他們才叫做少數民族」,結束我們的談話。現場照片。

有趣的是,接下來 Ulf 跟同組的立陶宛女生聊天聊到他住的地方,竟然就是德國最北,離丹麥只有七公里,人口八萬的自由市 Flensburg,我就在想該不會那個市真的沒人說丹麥語吧,要不然就是這個人沒有說丹麥語的朋友,或是朋友即使會說丹麥語也跟他說德語。就像是在台北市很少人說客家話或閩南話,有些人會以為我是外省人,結果我其實是個爸媽都講客家話,我是個只會聽但不太會講客家話的人。

我 google 後發現 Flensburg 是個自由市,1864年以前是丹麥皇室的主要港口,1864年德丹戰爭以後變成普魯士的,目前該市有 20% 是丹麥人社群,而且丹麥社群跟德國社群還號稱和諧相處極少摩擦。許多丹麥人在 2003 年以前會跑到這裡來買酒跟煙,因為這裡稅比丹麥低很多,不過 2003 年以後丹麥稅變低,這樣的跨境購物又變少了,現在反倒比較流行瑞典人跟挪威人到丹麥購物。

後來想想這段談話蠻有趣的,大家早上是自己找位子坐,下午剛被分到強迫分組的這一桌,一整個很不熟的時候就開啟這樣的談話,不容易心平氣和達成共識。不過說不定德國人也沒管心平氣和,我猜他們跟荷蘭人一樣,講話應該很直接,追求跟辯論事實真相才是他們談話的重點,而且如果他自己都沒聽過德國境內有人講其他語言,他就會深信不疑,除非舉例跟推理來說服他才行。

看樣子,下次我跟德國人說話最好先衡量談話時間夠不夠,也最好用自己的例子來說服實事求是的德國人可能會比較好。比如說講台灣的蘭嶼人會講達悟語,而達悟語跟南方兩百公里外的菲律賓巴丹島人講的語言一樣,我去蘭嶼旅行的時候,達悟人也跟我說他們口耳相傳祖先從巴丹島來,這樣應該比較能說服德國人為什麼我覺得一個國家裡也會有人說鄰國的語言。

[我的同學] Party in Tolik's place [18 禁!]

很喜歡捲大麻煙、做大麻蛋糕的同學 Pali 有搞笑風格,在 party 裡面問我要不要吸一口大麻。我說上次吸完大麻以後說不出話來,感覺很不好,所以不想要再吸大麻。結果 Pali 竟然不死心還很有創意地跟我說,應該是吸的劑量一次太多了,只要吸一兩口就好。我覺得不無道理,不吸怎麼知道結果怎樣?吸一口總不會有事吧?於是我就吸了一口。過一陣子 Pali 問我感覺怎樣,我說沒感覺。結果 Pali 就很專業地說應該是劑量不夠,說我應該要再吸一口試試看,他說這在數學上叫做 convergence(收斂),慢慢逼近自己想要的感覺,太多反而不好,太少也沒有感覺。我想也對,如果說不出話來的話,趕快停止總可以吧,於是我總共前前後後吸了五、六口,好像有那麼一點抽離現實,像是靈魂出竅看著自己跟別人講話的感覺。不過老實說,雖然吸大麻在荷蘭合法,但似乎是政府想要管理大麻的一種手段,我到目前為止碰過的荷蘭同事跟同學還真的都從來沒試過大麻,我猜他們知道上癮了會很麻煩,對他們來說 party 有酒喝就很開心了,沒事也不需要吸大麻吧。

[跨文化溝通] Party in Chanpreet place

印度女同學 Chanpreet 找了我們同學還有她的四個旁遮普[註一]朋友們來享用印度餐,因為同學中有來自台灣的我、烏克蘭的 Anatolij、荷蘭本地人 Koen、匈牙利的 Pali、迦納的 Anum 還有他的奈及利亞朋友,所以呈現了各國人種體驗印度餐的景象。晚餐結束後,大家交流了各國音樂,Chanpreet 跟她老公 Sinh 跳了一段旁遮普舞曲。Anum 的朋友是奈及利亞人,他跟我們介紹了他故鄉當紅樂團叫做 African China,裡面用的是一種洋涇濱英語 (Pidgin English)[註二],音樂節奏很有非洲風。不過歌詞抱怨奈國的警察貪腐,明明看到是黑的卻說成白的,MV 劇情裡面有警察持槍綁架民眾,看樣子新聞上這個國家因為西方石油公司開採石油而發生了許多綁架案是真的。Anum 介紹的是南非小童星 BB DJ 簡直就是麥可傑克森縮小版。Anatolij 介紹的是在歐洲歌唱大賽[註三]中奪冠的烏克蘭歌手。我介紹的樂團是伍佰的 China blue 演唱挪威的森林。Pali 問我這跟披頭四中 John Lenon 唱的那首 Norwegian woods有關係嗎,我說我只知道伍佰的歌可能跟日本作家村上春樹寫過一本小說「挪威的森林」有關係。

Party照片

後來上網查了以後才發現,原來小說中主角聽過 John Lenon 寫的這首歌 Norwegian wood,所以小說才取名挪威的森林。所以伍佰為何也將這首歌取名為挪威的森林,恐怕要問他了。

註一:就我所知,就像是在台灣各地原住民、客家人、閩南人、外省人一樣,幅員廣大的印度每一省都有自己的語言跟文化,位於西北的旁遮普省也是。在宗教上他們有許多錫克教徒,跟印度其他地方是印度教還有回教徒不一樣,像Chanpreet跟她包著大頭巾的老公就是錫克教徒。

註二:台灣人比較熟悉的例子應該是新加坡英語(Singlish),因為他們把英文當作溝通的語言,不過不可避免地也加入福建跟廣東話的語法習慣,聽起來就跟英美人講的英語不一樣。其實在世界各地,英國殖民過的地方都有這種英語跟當地語言交融的情形發生,甚至在非洲有些地方大家靠這種語言溝通,比如說克里奧語 (Creole)。

註三:歐洲歌唱大賽是一年一度舉辦的音樂比賽,可以說是台灣的星光大道。因為參賽隊伍來自歐洲各國,主辦國也是歐洲各國輪流,所以在歐洲人喜歡談論的足球之外,又多了一個有趣跟值得驕傲的話題。

Tuesday, June 23, 2009

[跨文化溝通] 測驗自己適合在那個國家工作跟生活

新生訓練日的下午重點在於認識不同的文化價值,有大半時間花在進行一項由荷蘭心理學家 Geert Hofstede 發明的心理測驗上面。測驗結果有 PDI (power distance index 權力距離指數)、IND (Indivisuality 獨立性)、MAS (Masculinity 男子氣概)、UAI (Uncertainty Avoidance Index 不喜歡不確定感的指標)、LTO (Confucian Dimension儒家思想傾向) 等五個指標,再跟心理學家所蒐集到的各國人士測驗結果相比,可以觀察自己的文化價值觀比較接近哪一國人,最後主持人還神秘地拿出 ET 國(其實就是荷蘭)的測驗結果,看看我們這些新生跟 ET 的相似程度如何,如果差不多的話,可能接下來在適應這個國家上問題比較少。

我的測驗結果顯示我在前三項跟台灣人的平均值差很多,反倒跟荷蘭人平均值比較接近,所以在荷蘭工作跟生活應該問題不大。其中權力距離指數甚至比荷蘭人還低,大概到瑞典人的程度,顯示我在這裡要小心不要挑戰老闆過頭。

荷蘭的指數(沒括號的是荷蘭人的指數,括號內的是我的):(點擊可放大)
台灣的指數(左上角):(點擊可放大)
測驗簡介及五大指數解說
http://www.geert-hofstede.com/

Power Distance Index (PDI) that is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a society's level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. Power and inequality, of course, are extremely fundamental facts of any society and anybody with some international experience will be aware that 'all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others'.

Individualism (IDV) on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that is the degree to which individuals are inte-grated into groups. On the individualist side we find societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after him/herself and his/her immediate family. On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. The word 'collectivism' in this sense has no political meaning: it refers to the group, not to the state. Again, the issue addressed by this dimension is an extremely fundamental one, regarding all societies in the world.

Masculinity (MAS) versus its opposite, femininity, refers to the distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found. The IBM studies revealed that (a) women's values differ less among societies than men's values; (b) men's values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from women's values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to women's values on the other. The assertive pole has been called 'masculine' and the modest, caring pole 'feminine'. The women in feminine countries have the same modest, caring values as the men; in the masculine countries they are somewhat assertive and competitive, but not as much as the men, so that these countries show a gap between men's values and women's values.

Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) deals with a society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to man's search for Truth. It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured situations are novel, unknown, surprising, different from usual. Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; 'there can only be one Truth and we have it'. People in uncertainty avoiding countries are also more emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy. The opposite type, uncertainty accepting cultures, are more tolerant of opinions different from what they are used to; they try to have as few rules as possible, and on the philosophical and religious level they are relativist and allow many currents to flow side by side. People within these cultures are more phlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected by their environment to express emotions.


Long-Term Orientation (LTO) versus short-term orientation: this fifth dimension was found in a study among students in 23 countries around the world, using a questionnaire designed by Chinese scholars It can be said to deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. Values associated with Long Term Orientation are thrift and perseverance; values associated with Short Term Orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting one's 'face'. Both the positively and the negatively rated values of this dimension are found in the teachings of Confucius, the most influential Chinese philosopher who lived around 500 B.C.; however, the dimension also applies to countries without a Confucian heritage.



作答範例及試題內容(有版權,不要拿去賣~~~):(點擊可放大)
各國指數結果以及本國與他國指數比較
http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php