Tuesday, June 30, 2009
[跨文化溝通] introduction day 跟德國佬吵架
有趣的是,接下來 Ulf 跟同組的立陶宛女生聊天聊到他住的地方,竟然就是德國最北,離丹麥只有七公里,人口八萬的自由市 Flensburg,我就在想該不會那個市真的沒人說丹麥語吧,要不然就是這個人沒有說丹麥語的朋友,或是朋友即使會說丹麥語也跟他說德語。就像是在台北市很少人說客家話或閩南話,有些人會以為我是外省人,結果我其實是個爸媽都講客家話,我是個只會聽但不太會講客家話的人。
我 google 後發現 Flensburg 是個自由市,1864年以前是丹麥皇室的主要港口,1864年德丹戰爭以後變成普魯士的,目前該市有 20% 是丹麥人社群,而且丹麥社群跟德國社群還號稱和諧相處極少摩擦。許多丹麥人在 2003 年以前會跑到這裡來買酒跟煙,因為這裡稅比丹麥低很多,不過 2003 年以後丹麥稅變低,這樣的跨境購物又變少了,現在反倒比較流行瑞典人跟挪威人到丹麥購物。
後來想想這段談話蠻有趣的,大家早上是自己找位子坐,下午剛被分到強迫分組的這一桌,一整個很不熟的時候就開啟這樣的談話,不容易心平氣和達成共識。不過說不定德國人也沒管心平氣和,我猜他們跟荷蘭人一樣,講話應該很直接,追求跟辯論事實真相才是他們談話的重點,而且如果他自己都沒聽過德國境內有人講其他語言,他就會深信不疑,除非舉例跟推理來說服他才行。
看樣子,下次我跟德國人說話最好先衡量談話時間夠不夠,也最好用自己的例子來說服實事求是的德國人可能會比較好。比如說講台灣的蘭嶼人會講達悟語,而達悟語跟南方兩百公里外的菲律賓巴丹島人講的語言一樣,我去蘭嶼旅行的時候,達悟人也跟我說他們口耳相傳祖先從巴丹島來,這樣應該比較能說服德國人為什麼我覺得一個國家裡也會有人說鄰國的語言。
[我的同學] Party in Tolik's place [18 禁!]
[跨文化溝通] Party in Chanpreet place
Party照片
後來上網查了以後才發現,原來小說中主角聽過 John Lenon 寫的這首歌 Norwegian wood,所以小說才取名挪威的森林。所以伍佰為何也將這首歌取名為挪威的森林,恐怕要問他了。
註一:就我所知,就像是在台灣各地原住民、客家人、閩南人、外省人一樣,幅員廣大的印度每一省都有自己的語言跟文化,位於西北的旁遮普省也是。在宗教上他們有許多錫克教徒,跟印度其他地方是印度教還有回教徒不一樣,像Chanpreet跟她包著大頭巾的老公就是錫克教徒。
註二:台灣人比較熟悉的例子應該是新加坡英語(Singlish),因為他們把英文當作溝通的語言,不過不可避免地也加入福建跟廣東話的語法習慣,聽起來就跟英美人講的英語不一樣。其實在世界各地,英國殖民過的地方都有這種英語跟當地語言交融的情形發生,甚至在非洲有些地方大家靠這種語言溝通,比如說克里奧語 (Creole)。
註三:歐洲歌唱大賽是一年一度舉辦的音樂比賽,可以說是台灣的星光大道。因為參賽隊伍來自歐洲各國,主辦國也是歐洲各國輪流,所以在歐洲人喜歡談論的足球之外,又多了一個有趣跟值得驕傲的話題。
Tuesday, June 23, 2009
[跨文化溝通] 測驗自己適合在那個國家工作跟生活
我的測驗結果顯示我在前三項跟台灣人的平均值差很多,反倒跟荷蘭人平均值比較接近,所以在荷蘭工作跟生活應該問題不大。其中權力距離指數甚至比荷蘭人還低,大概到瑞典人的程度,顯示我在這裡要小心不要挑戰老闆過頭。
荷蘭的指數(沒括號的是荷蘭人的指數,括號內的是我的):(點擊可放大)
台灣的指數(左上角):(點擊可放大)
測驗簡介及五大指數解說
http://www.geert-hofstede.com/
Power Distance Index (PDI) that is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a society's level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. Power and inequality, of course, are extremely fundamental facts of any society and anybody with some international experience will be aware that 'all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others'.
Individualism (IDV) on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that is the degree to which individuals are inte-grated into groups. On the individualist side we find societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after him/herself and his/her immediate family. On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. The word 'collectivism' in this sense has no political meaning: it refers to the group, not to the state. Again, the issue addressed by this dimension is an extremely fundamental one, regarding all societies in the world.
Masculinity (MAS) versus its opposite, femininity, refers to the distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found. The IBM studies revealed that (a) women's values differ less among societies than men's values; (b) men's values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from women's values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to women's values on the other. The assertive pole has been called 'masculine' and the modest, caring pole 'feminine'. The women in feminine countries have the same modest, caring values as the men; in the masculine countries they are somewhat assertive and competitive, but not as much as the men, so that these countries show a gap between men's values and women's values.
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) deals with a society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to man's search for Truth. It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured situations are novel, unknown, surprising, different from usual. Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; 'there can only be one Truth and we have it'. People in uncertainty avoiding countries are also more emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy. The opposite type, uncertainty accepting cultures, are more tolerant of opinions different from what they are used to; they try to have as few rules as possible, and on the philosophical and religious level they are relativist and allow many currents to flow side by side. People within these cultures are more phlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected by their environment to express emotions.
Long-Term Orientation (LTO) versus short-term orientation: this fifth dimension was found in a study among students in 23 countries around the world, using a questionnaire designed by Chinese scholars It can be said to deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. Values associated with Long Term Orientation are thrift and perseverance; values associated with Short Term Orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting one's 'face'. Both the positively and the negatively rated values of this dimension are found in the teachings of Confucius, the most influential Chinese philosopher who lived around 500 B.C.; however, the dimension also applies to countries without a Confucian heritage.
作答範例及試題內容(有版權,不要拿去賣~~~):(點擊可放大)
各國指數結果以及本國與他國指數比較
http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php